962,142 research outputs found

    Stronger Methods of Making Quantum Interactive Proofs Perfectly Complete

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    This paper presents stronger methods of achieving perfect completeness in quantum interactive proofs. First, it is proved that any problem in QMA has a two-message quantum interactive proof system of perfect completeness with constant soundness error, where the verifier has only to send a constant number of halves of EPR pairs. This in particular implies that the class QMA is necessarily included by the class QIP_1(2) of problems having two-message quantum interactive proofs of perfect completeness, which gives the first nontrivial upper bound for QMA in terms of quantum interactive proofs. It is also proved that any problem having an mm-message quantum interactive proof system necessarily has an (m+1)(m+1)-message quantum interactive proof system of perfect completeness. This improves the previous result due to Kitaev and Watrous, where the resulting system of perfect completeness requires m+2m+2 messages if not using the parallelization result.Comment: 41 pages; v2: soundness parameters improved, correction of a minor error in Lemma 23, and removal of the sentences claiming that our techniques are quantumly nonrelativizin

    Interactive Lesson as a Macro-Unit of Teaching Russian as a Foreign Language in Short-Term Courses

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    The relevance of the topic of this article is due to the need to strengthen the interactive side of the process of teaching a foreign language in short-term courses in the language environment. The purpose of the study is to establish the ratio of interactive forms and methods that determine the specifics of an interactive lesson of foreign language. In contrast to the existing points of view, we attempted to prove that the effectiveness of interactive learning depends on the systematization of interactive forms and methods of teaching and the sequence of their use. To study the patterns of interactive learning of a foreign language, we applied the following methods: observation, experiment, and analysis method. An analysis of the interactive forms and methods of teaching foreigners the Russian language in short-term courses in Russia shows that the use of the learning potential of the language environment makes the content of learning natural, topical and interesting. Avoiding traditional teaching methods allows organizing the exchange of thoughts and feelings in terms of speech interaction when creating a joint product (both verbal and non-verbal). The interactive lesson, which acts as a macro unit for selecting and organizing the content of Russian as a foreign language (RFL) training in short-term courses, consists of three blocks (motivational-introductory, activity-oriented and resultant). Specially selected for each communication situation and arranged in a certain order interactive forms and methods are presented in the system of interactive exercises and tasks, classified according to the stages of mastering speech actions in different communicative situations. The article presents the forms and methods of interactive teaching of Russian as a foreign language, which teachers can use in short-term courses. The authors have shown that interactive methods and forms of teaching stimulate foreign students to speak and communicate in the target language. This contributes to the development of skills of social and academic interaction of students to solve pressing communication problems in real situations of communication. We see the perspective of research in the development of interactive methods of teaching a foreign language for different age groups of students and different levels of proficiency in a foreign language.ΠΠΊΡ‚ΡƒΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ Ρ‚Π΅ΠΌΡ‹ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΡŒΠΈ обусловлСна Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒΡŽ усилСния ΠΈΠ½Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ стороны процСсса обучСния иностранному языку Π½Π° краткосрочных курсах Π² языковой срСдС. ЦСль исслСдования – ΡƒΡΡ‚Π°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ ΡΠΎΠΎΡ‚Π½ΠΎΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠ½Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌ ΠΈ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ², ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΎΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΡŽΡ‚ спСцифику ΠΈΠ½Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡƒΡ€ΠΎΠΊΠ° иностранного языка. Π’ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ‚ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ ΡΡƒΡ‰Π΅ΡΡ‚Π²ΡƒΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠΌ Ρ‚ΠΎΡ‡ΠΊΠ°ΠΌ зрСния ΠΌΡ‹ прСдприняли ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡ‹Ρ‚ΠΊΡƒ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ ΡΡ„Ρ„Π΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΈΠ½Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ обучСния зависит ΠΎΡ‚ систСматизации ΠΈΠ½Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌ ΠΈ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ² обучСния ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΠΈ ΠΈΡ… использования. Для исслСдования закономСрностСй ΠΈΠ½Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ обучСния иностранному языку ΠΌΡ‹ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡƒΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄Ρ‹: наблюдСниС, экспСримСнт ΠΈ аналитичСский ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄. Анализ ΠΈΠ½Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌ ΠΈ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ² обучСния иностранцСв русскому языку Π½Π° краткосрочных курсах Π² России ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Ρ‹Π²Π°Π΅Ρ‚, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ использованиС ΠΎΠ±ΡƒΡ‡Π°ΡŽΡ‰Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡ‚Π΅Π½Ρ†ΠΈΠ°Π»Π° языковой срСды Π΄Π΅Π»Π°Π΅Ρ‚ содСрТаниС обучСния СстСствСнным, Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΡƒΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΌ ΠΈ интСрСсным. ΠžΡ‚Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΎΡ‚ Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Π΄ΠΈΡ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ² обучСния позволяСт ΠΎΡ€Π³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ ΠΎΠ±ΠΌΠ΅Π½ мыслями ΠΈ чувствами Π² условиях Ρ€Π΅Ρ‡Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ взаимодСйствия ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ создании совмСстного ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΄ΡƒΠΊΡ‚Π° (ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Ρ€Π΅Ρ‡Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, Ρ‚Π°ΠΊ ΠΈ Π½Π΅Ρ€Π΅Ρ‡Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ). Π˜Π½Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ ΡƒΡ€ΠΎΠΊ, Π²Ρ‹ΡΡ‚ΡƒΠΏΠ°ΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠΉ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡ€ΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡ†Π° ΠΎΡ‚Π±ΠΎΡ€Π° ΠΈ содСрТания обучСния русскому языку ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ иностранному (РКИ) Π½Π° краткосрочных курсах, состоит ΠΈΠ· Ρ‚Ρ€Π΅Ρ… Π±Π»ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ² (ΠΌΠΎΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎ-ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΉ, Π΄Π΅ΡΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚Π½ΠΎ-ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ ΠΈ Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ). Π‘ΠΏΠ΅Ρ†ΠΈΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹Π΅ для ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΠΎΠΉ ситуации общСния ΠΈ располоТСнныС Π² ΠΎΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌ порядкС ΠΈΠ½Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½Ρ‹Π΅ Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΡ‹ ΠΈ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌΡ‹ прСдставлСны Π² систСмС ΠΈΠ½Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΡƒΠΏΡ€Π°ΠΆΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ Π·Π°Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ, классифицированных Π² зависимости ΠΎΡ‚ стадий усвоСния Ρ€Π΅Ρ‡Π΅Π²Ρ‹Ρ… дСйствий Π² Ρ€Π°Π·Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡƒΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ситуациях. Π’ ΡΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΡŒΠ΅ прСдставлСны Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΡ‹ ΠΈ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌΡ‹ ΠΈΠ½Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ обучСния русскому языку ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ иностранному, ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π°Π²Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡƒΡ‚ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡ‚ΡŒ Π½Π° краткосрочных курсах. Авторы ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π»ΠΈ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ ΠΈΠ½Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌΡ‹ ΠΈ Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΡ‹ обучСния ΡΡ‚ΠΈΠΌΡƒΠ»ΠΈΡ€ΡƒΡŽΡ‚ иностранных учащихся ΠΊ устно-Ρ€Π΅Ρ‡Π΅Π²ΠΎΠΌΡƒ ΠΎΠ±Ρ‰Π΅Π½ΠΈΡŽ Π½Π° ΠΈΠ·ΡƒΡ‡Π°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΌ языкС. Π­Ρ‚ΠΎ способствуСт Ρ€Π°Π·Π²ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΡŽ ΡƒΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΎΡ†ΠΈΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈ ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π±Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ взаимодСйствия учащихся для Ρ€Π΅ΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΡƒΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡƒΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Π·Π°Π΄Π°Ρ‡ Π² Ρ€Π΅Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… ситуациях общСния. ΠŸΠ΅Ρ€ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Π° исслСдования видится Π² Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎΠ±Ρ‹ Ρ€Π°Π·Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ ΠΈΠ½Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌΡ‹ обучСния иностранному языку для Ρ€Π°Π·Π½Ρ‹Ρ… возрастных Π³Ρ€ΡƒΠΏΠΏ учащихся ΠΈ Ρ€Π°Π·Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΡƒΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π½Π΅ΠΉ владСния иностранным языком

    Layered evaluation of interactive adaptive systems : framework and formative methods

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